Innovation and internationalisation during times of economic growth, crisis, and recovery prior to Covid-19: A configurational approach comparing Spanish manufacturing family and non-family firms

Based primarily on the Resource-Based View and prior evidence, this study gauges the potential differences in innovative behaviour between international family firms and non-family firms when conditions change drastically in the business environment (i.e. from a situation of economic growth to one of downturn, and then to recovery). The research setting is a large sample of Spanish manufacturing firms between 2007 and 2016 (i.e. pre-Covid-19). During this period (2009-2013), the global economic and financial crisis affected Spain. Thus, three sub-periods are distinguished in the empirical analysis: growth, crisis, and recovery. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis, our findings show that the paths of innovation activities that promote internationalisation via exporting in family and non-family firms are somewhat dissimilar in each sub-period, supporting the argument that the causal effect of innovation on internationalisation is heavily dependent on environmental conditions. Compared to non-family firms, our results show that when family firms internationalise, they follow a wide variety and more stable number of paths in innovation activities. Our findings also provide additional evidence to support the argument of heterogeneity among family firms.

Feral American mink Neogale vison continues to expand its European range: time to harmonise population monitoring and coordinate control

The American mink Neogale vison is an invasive alien species in Europe that threatens endemic biodiversity and can transmit zoonotic diseases, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The last attempt to map the geographic range of this species in Europe, at continental scale, dates back to 2007. We aimed to update the distribution map of the feral American mink and assess its temporal trends. The information we collected was critically analysed with the aim of improving future monitoring protocols and data collection. We gathered and standardised data from 34 databases, covering 32 countries. Through 3 five-year periods from 2007 to 2021, changes in range size, hunting bags and capture statistics were analysed. We also reviewed the current situation of mink farming in the different European countries and recorded population control schemes. The American mink is now widespread in the Baltic States, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Poland, Scandinavia, Spain and the UK. The species is reported to be absent in some areas (e.g. parts of the UK, Iceland and Norway). Data are deficient for several countries, mainly in south-eastern Europe. These findings indicate that, during the last 15 years, the species has continued to spread across the continent, increasing its potential extent of occurrence in most countries. Our effort to collect and harmonise data across international borders highlighted information gaps and heterogeneity in data quality. Updated distribution data on the species provided here will aid risk assessment and risk management policies. These actions require a coordinated effort for population monitoring at continental level. Monitoring effort and data collection should be intensified in south-eastern Europe to improve data on the current distribution of this invasive species. © 2023 The Authors. Mammal Review published by Mammal Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Assessment of humoral and cellular immunity after bivalent BNT162b2 vaccination and potential association with reactogenicity

Nowadays, new challenges around increasing production quality and productivity, and decreasing energy consumption, are growing in the manufacturing industry. In order to tackle these challenges, it is of vital importance to monitor the health of critical components. In the machine tool sector, one of the main aspects is to monitor the wear of the cutting tools, as it affects directly to the fulfillment of tolerances, production of scrap, energy consumption, etc. Besides, the prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of the cutting tools, which is related to their wear level, is gaining more importance in the field of predictive maintenance, being that prediction is a crucial point for an improvement of the quality of the cutting process. Unlike monitoring the current health of the cutting tools in real time, as tool wear diagnosis does, RUL prediction allows to know when the tool will end its useful life. This is a key factor since it allows optimizing the planning of maintenance strategies. Moreover, a substantial number of signals can be captured from machine tools, but not all of them perform as optimum predictors for tool RUL. Thus, this paper focuses on RUL and has two main objectives. First, to evaluate the optimum signals for RUL prediction, a substantial number of them were captured in a turning process and investigated by using recursive feature elimination (RFE). Second, the use of bidirectional recurrent neural networks (BRNN) as regressive models to predict the RUL of cutting tools in machining operations using the investigated optimum signals is investigated. The results are compared to traditional machine learning (ML) models and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The results show that among all the signals captured, the root mean squared (RMS) parameter of the forward force ( F-y ) is the optimum for RUL prediction. As well, the bidirectional long-short term memory (BiLSTM) and bidirectional gated recurrent units (BiGRU), which are two types of BRNN, along with the RMS of F-y signal, achieved the lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) for tool RUL, being also computationally the most demanding ones.

Implementation of a Centralized COVID-19 Vaccination Liaison Unit managed by Primary Care pharmacistpharmacologists

Introduction: The North Metropolitan Primary Care Direction of the Institut Catala de la Salut created the Centralized Liaison Unit for anti-COVID19 vaccination (UECeV) to solve queries from users and/or health professionals related to vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main objective of the present analysis was to describe the activity of UECeV. Method: We carried out a retrospective observational study based on the registry of consultations attended from the UECeV between April 31st and October 31, 2021. We have an equal or above 18 years old reference population of 1,139,411 inhabitants. The UECeV was set up in three territorial offices, each attended by two Primary Care pharmacists/pharmacologists (FAP) and one administrative staff member. The telephone service was full-time and could be adapted according to activity. The main variable of the analysis was the number and types of queries attended. Absolute values and percentages, medians and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative variables and a descriptive analysis was performed for qualitative variables. Results: 3,103 queries were managed out of 3,030 users;2,180 (70.25%) were answered by the FAP. Most frequent consultation was: vaccine compatibility according to pathology/basic medication 1,008 (32.5%). 2,830 (93.4%) users were vaccinated after the consultation (2,210 consulted before the first dose and 618 before the second). The majority vaccine was Comirnaty (R) Conclusions: The UECeV coordinated by the FAP with direct attention to users and/or health professionals constitutes a support element for primary care vaccination teams for the expert management of AntiCOVID19 vaccination consultations.

A participatory tool for assessing land footprint in city-region food systems-A case study from Metropolitan Copenhagen

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of current food systems to feed populations around the world. Particularly in urban centers, consumers have been confronted with this vulnerability, highlighting reliance on just-in-time logistics, imports and distant primary production. Urban food demand, regional food supply, land use change, and transport strategies are considered key factors for reestablishing resilient landscapes as part of a sustainable food system. Improving the sustainability of food systems in such circumstances entails working on the interrelations between food supply and demand, rural and urban food commodity production sites, and groups of involved actors and consumers. Of special significance is the agricultural land in close proximity to urban centers. Calling for more holistic approaches in the sense of inclusiveness, food security, citizen involvement and ecological principles, this article describes the use of a new decision support tool, the Metropolitan Foodscape Planner (MFP). The MFP features up-to-date European datasets to assess the potential of current agricultural land use to provide food resources (with special attention to both plant- and animal-based products) and meet the demand of city dwellers, and help to empower citizens, innovators, companies, public authorities and other stakeholders of regional food systems to build a more regionalized food supply network. The tool was tested in the context of the food system of the Copenhagen City Region in two collaborative workshops, namely one workshop with stakeholders of the Copenhagen City Region representing food consultancies, local planning authorities and researchers, and one in-person workshop masterclass with MSc students from the University of Copenhagen. Workshop participants used the tool to learn about the impacts of the current food system at the regional and international level with regard to the demand-supply paradigm of city-regions. The ultimate goal was to develop a participatory mapping exercise and test three food system scenarios for a more regionalized and sustainable food system and, therefore, with increased resilience to crises. Results from this implementation also demonstrated the potential of the tool to identify food production sites at local level that are potentially able to feed the city region in a more sustainable, nutritious and way.

Patients Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care with Sars-Cov2: Results from a Nationwide Multicentre Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Admission to PICU due to SARS-CoV2 infection in children is unfrequent. However there are few pediatric patients who may require intensive care management. The aim of our study was to describe characteristics and evolution of those patients admitted to Spanish PICUs due to SARS-CoV2 infection. METHOD(S): A multicentre nationwide prospective registry involving all Spanish PICUs was carried out between 1st of march 2020 and 30 November 2021. RESULT(S): During the study period 299 patients where admitted to the participating units. Median age was 8.9 years (IQR 4.4 -12.2). 208 patients (69,6%) where diagnosed of Multisystem Inflamatory Syndrome associated to SARS-CoV2 (MIS-C). 225 patients (75.3%) where previously healthy. Main reason for admission was shock (which was present in 55.9% of patients). Respiratory difficulty was present only in 40.8% of patients. 50.5% of patients required vasoactive drugs, which was more frequent among those presenting with MIS-C (66.5% vs 20.9%, p<0.001). Only 17.4% of patients required mechanical ventilation, which was less frequent in patients with MIS-C (11.1% vs 34.1% p<0.001). 9 patients (3%) included in the registry died. Death was more frequent among patients with previous diseases (9.6% vs 0.9%, p<0.001) and less frequent in those admitted due to MIS-C (0.5% vs 9.3%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION(S): MIS-C was the most frequent cause of admission to PICU in Spain related to SARS-CoV2 infection. Most patients were admitted presenting shock and required vasoactive drugs, but only a few mechanical ventilation. Mortality rate was low. Prognosis was more favourable in those admitted due to MIS-C.

Molecular determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptide activity

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 and quickly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus and its entry into host cells is mediated by the spike glycoprotein (S-protein) [1]. The S-protein is composed of two subunits (S1 and S2) that contain essential domains for the viral entry mechanism, such as the fusion peptide (FP) which inserts into and disturbs the host cell membrane promoting the fusion between viral and host membranes. Despite its relevance for viral entry, there is still no consensus among scientists for its location on the S-protein and amino acid sequence, although two major candidate regions have been proposed [2, 3]. To shed light on this matter, we combined computational and experimental methods to characterize and compare the effect of the two putative SARS-CoV-2 FPs. We performed a systematic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 putative FPs, using Molecular Dynamics simulations, to dissect how these peptides interact with the membrane. In parallel, we evaluated the putative FPs behavior in membrane model systems applying biophysical techniques. Since both FPs revealed modest fusogenic activity, we hypothesized that a longer FP or a cooperation among the individual FPs might be required to achieve fusion between viral and host membranes. Given the pivotal role of the FP to viral entry, our work provides relevant insights on the SARS-CoV-2 entry mechanism.

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant on the human ACE2 binding: a computational study

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, which escalated into a global pandemic in early 2020, accounting for more than 400 million infections and more than 6 million confirmed deaths worldwide (as of 2022/03/10). The SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of transmission and infection involves the binding of the virus to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host receptor through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. The RBD is a privileged target of our immune system and antiviral therapies. Throughout last year multiple vaccines and new therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed. However, their effectiveness is challenged by the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2, accompanying the origin and spread of new variants of concern (VOC): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and recently, Omicron. Among the reported mutations in the VOC S proteins, several are specific to the RBD, which are associated with higher transmissibility or the ability to escape the immune response of previously infected patients. (Previously published in: Greaney, A.J. et al. (2021) Cell Host Microbe 29,44- 57). In late 2021, the newly SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC raised considerable global concern due to the presence of more than 30 mutations in the S protein, 15 of which occur in the RBD (Previously published in: Mannar D et al. (2022) Science 375,760-764). Here we investigated the impact of the VOC RBD mutations on its interaction with ACE2, with a major focus on the Omicron RBD, by performing microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of this complex. Our analysis of the binding and structural dynamics of these mutations provided a detailed characterization of the binding mode between the VOC RBDs and the receptor. This allowed us to understand the role of key residues in the VOC RBD-ACE2 interface and the effect of specific substitutions on the binding affinity via the establishment of new inter-protein contacts.

Design, production and characterization of antiviral proteins targeting SARS-CoV-2

The virus responsible for the current COVID -19 pandemic is SARS-CoV-2, which has caused >400 million infections and >5 million deaths (as of February 2022). Despite vaccination efforts, there is still an urgent need to develop strategies to control infection and treat patients. One of the proteins bound to the viral membrane is the spike (S) protein, which consists of two subunits: S1, which contains a receptor-binding domain (RBD) responsible for binding to the host cell receptor, and S2, which facilitates membrane fusion between the viral and host cell membranes, previously published in: Jackson CB et al. (2018) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 23, 3-20. Thus, this protein is primarily responsible for the ability of the virus to enter host cells, making it one of the most promising therapeutic targets of coronavirus, previously published in: Cao L et al. (2020) Science 6515, 426- 431. The aim of this work was to design and produce antiviral proteins that could prevent the interaction between the two proteins and thus block infection by binding to the RBD region and blocking its interaction with the host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) protein. First, several antiviral proteins were computationally designed using the Rosetta program based on the interactions between ACE2 and the RBD. Next, six molecular dynamics simulations (MD) of 1 ls of three candidates were performed to test their interaction with the RBD. This was followed by experimental validation after expression and purification of the three candidates. The secondary structure and thermostability of these proteins were tested by far-UV circular dichroism spectropolarimetry. Surface plasmon resonance was used to evaluate the affinity of each candidate for RBD. Neutralization assays were performed to investigate the neutralization ability of the proteins. The experimental results show that one of the developed proteins is a promising therapeutic approach that will be further improved in the future.

Information pills: A new way of transmitting pharmacotherapeutic information to health personnel in times of pandemic

Objective: Main objective: to provide current and independent information on drugs (information pills) to primary care health professionals. Secondary objective: to know the repercussion of the publication of informative pills among health professionals. Material and/or methods: • Pharmacists and pharmacologists from the Nord Metropolitan Primary Care Directorate (DAP MN) prepare up-to-date information related to drugs and vaccines, denominated informative pills. Main characteristics: specific messages, short length (1-2 slides), in power point format, with visual content. • Aimed at family doctors, paediatricians and nurses. • Topics: information on medications, safety and use. • Publication: approximately every 2 weeks on the DAP MN intranet, with advice from the DAP MN Communication Unit. Its publication is reported by corporate mail. • Variables: number of pills published, visits per pill, recipients and types. Results: • From December 2020 to October 2021, 20 informational pills have been published. • The recipients of the pills have been medical professionals (9), health professionals in general (6), medicine and nursing (3) and paediatrics (2). • Most of the pills have been about drug use (11), followed by safety issues (5) and information (4). The most common topic has been the vaccine against Covid-19 (7). • 11,731 visits have been received. The most visited pills have been the following: 1. Should antibiotics be prescribed for COVID-19? 914 visits. 2. Questions and Answers: COVID-19 Vaccine: 694 Visits. 3. What do you know about the triple whammy? 569 visits. Conclusions: • Specific current issues on drugs can be addressed quickly and through new formats. • The advantages of the pills are asynchrony (each professional reads the pill whenever he wants) and conciseness. • A problem (the pandemic) becomes an opportunity (the pills).

Cetylpyridinium Chloride Mouthwash to Reduce Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

The airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via respiratory fluids and droplets suggests that mouthwashes containing substances with virucidal activity can help reduce viral spread. We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to assess the virucidal activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwashes. Outpatients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection with or without symptoms were randomized to perform washes and gargles for 1 min with 15 mL of either colored distilled water or 0.07% CPC (Vitis CPC Protect) mouthwash. The study outcomes were the SARS-CoV-2 log10 viral RNA load and the nucleocapsid protein levels, both in saliva at 1 and 3 h after the intervention. In total, 118 patients were enrolled and randomized (mean [SD], age 46 [14] y). Thirteen of 118 participants (11%) did not complete follow-up or had insufficient sample volume for testing and were excluded from the analysis. The assessment of the viral load showed no significant differences between groups at any of the investigated points. However, the levels of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein of lysed viruses were significantly higher in the CPC group compared with the control group at 1 h (adjusted difference 269.3 pg/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 97.1-441.5) and at 3 h postintervention (561.1 pg/mL; 95% CI, 380.0-742.2). In nonhospitalized patients with asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, a 0.07% CPC mouthwash, compared to placebo, was associated with a significant increase of nucleocapsid protein levels in saliva, indicating enhanced disruption of viral particles.

Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Physical Exercise Explained: A Narrative Review.

The study of the origin and implications of fatigue in exercise has been widely investigated, but not completely understood given the complex multifactorial mechanisms involved. Then, it is essential to understand the fatigue mechanism to help trainers and physicians to prescribe an adequate training load. The present narrative review aims to analyze the multifactorial factors of fatigue in physical exercise. To reach this aim, a consensus and critical review were performed using both primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary ones, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The main search engines were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Central and peripheral fatigue are two unison constructs part of the Integrative Governor theory, in which both psychological and physiological drives and requirements are underpinned by homeostatic principles. The relative activity of each one is regulated by dynamic negative feedback activity, as the fundamental general operational controller. Fatigue is conditioned by factors such as gender, affecting men and women differently. Sleep deprivation or psychological disturbances caused, for example, by stress, can affect neural activation patterns, realigning them and slowing down simple mental operations in the context of fatigue. Then, fatigue can have different origins not only related with physiological factors. Therefore, all these prisms must be considered for future approaches from sport and clinical perspectives.

Adolescent Compliance with anti-COVID Measures. Is It Related to Substance Use?

Prevalence rates of compliance with anti-COVID measures have been widely studied, but little is known about this issue in early adolescence. Moreover, the relation between substance use and compliance with anti-COVID regulations is still unexplored. Thus, this study aimed to determine the level of compliance with anti-COVID measures by adolescents and the link between substance use and compliance with anti-COVID regulations. This was a cross-sectional study including 909 participants (M age = 12.57; SD = 0.81). The most complied measure was mask-wearing, followed by avoiding hug/kiss friends and, finally, social distancing. All substance use negatively correlated with compliance with measures. However, strong alcohol and tobacco were the only substances significantly related to less compliance of anti-COVID measures after controlling for covariates. These results provide evidence about the relation between substance use and compliance with anti-COVID measures. Strategies addressed to decrease substance use could be effective to reduce behaviours associated with coronavirus transmission.

Environmental awareness in university students of Lima through the mathematization of climatic elements in times of Covid-19

In this study, the levels of environmental awareness were determined through the mathematization of three climatic elements (Temperature, Solar Lighting and Wind Speed) and the element that aroused the greatest interest, in the university students of the city of Lima, during the year 2021, in times of Covid-19;with data obtained from Weather Spark;through a questionnaire of sixteen reagents to 176 university students to measure the levels of environmental awareness in its dimensions: cognitive, affective, conative and active. Concluding that more than 50% of university students had little knowledge of the mathematization of climatic elements for environmental awareness;the majority high level of affectivity, 68.21% indicated having intermediate intention (conative dimension), and 55.44 %, indicated having high activity;evidencing the affinity, intention and action to achieve environmental awareness through the mathematization of these climatic elements;solar lighting being the most prone element, arousing greater interest, because its equation had a high coefficient of determination (92.83 %);In addition, in the answers to the questionnaire, the preference for illuminated days was deduced, such as those of the year 2020.

Impact of bariatric surgery on the risk of hospitalization due to influenza virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Obesity independently increases the risk of hospitalization due to viral respiratory infections, including influenza virus and, more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. As an independent risk factor, obesity impairs the immune response to viral infections and decreases the effectiveness of immunizations. OBJECTIVES: Using influenza as a proxy, we aimed to determine the impact of bariatric surgery (BaS) on the risk of hospitalization due to viral respiratory infections. SETTING: Academic hospital, United States. METHODS: National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample data collected from 2010 to 2015 were examined. Patients were classified as treatment and control groups. Treatment subjects were defined as patients with a history of BaS and control subjects as patients with a body mass index ≥35 kg/m2 and without a history of BaS. Any hospitalization with influenza as a primary diagnosis was identified. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression models were performed to assess the differences between groups. RESULTS: A total of 2,300,845 subjects were reviewed, of which 2,004,804 were control subjects and 296,041 were treated patients. Univariate analysis showed that the hospitalization rate in the treatment group was significantly lower than in the control group (.007% versus .019%, P < .0001), which was confirmed after adjusting for covariables (control versus treatment: odds ratio = 2.21, P = .0010). CONCLUSIONS: BaS may decrease the risk of hospitalization due to influenza, but further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results. We also suggest that these results should be translated into the development of similar studies to determine the impact of BaS on the incidence and severity of the coronavirus disease 2019.

Implications of surgical mask use in physical education lessons.

COVID-19 is being a huge challenge for education systems. Mandatory use of face masks in presential classes may lead to psychophysiological impairment of students, which affect lessons. Thus, the aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of mask use in basal psychophysiological status of physical education students prior to a physical education lesson. We analyzed 72 physical education students in two moments prior to two physical education lessons with 48 h between them. Blood oxygen saturation, body, temple and face temperatures, perceived stress and exertion, and heart rate variability were measured. Results showed that the use of surgical masks in physical education students produced a significant increase on subjective stress perception, sympathetic modulation, cardiovascular response, face, and temple temperature while decreasing blood oxygen saturation. We concluded that the use of surgical masks by physical education students induce modifications on the organic status, which could represent a handicap compromising the academic objectives of physical education lessons. This information can help teachers design efficient physical education lessons.

Association of arterial stiffness with all-cause mortality among hospitalized covid-19 patients

Objective: Older age and cardiovascular comorbidities are well-known risk factors for all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients. Hypertension (HT) and age are the two principal determinants of arterial stiffness (AS). The objective of this study is to estimate AS in COVID-19 patients requiring hospital admission and analyze its association with all-cause mortality. Design and method: This cross-sectional, observational, retrospective multicenter study includes 122170 patients who required hospital admission in 150 Spanish centers, included in the nationwide SEMI-COVID-19 Network. We compared estimated AS as pulse pressure > 60 mmHg and compared clinical characteristics between survivors and nonsurvivors. Results: Mean age was 67.5±16.1 years, 42.5% were women. Most patients were white (90.0%). Globally, 2606 (21.4%) subjects died. Blood pressure (BP) < 120 mmHg and BP > 140 at admission predicted higher all-cause mortality (23.5% and 22.8%, respectively, p<0.001), compared to BP between 120-140 mmHg (18.6%). 4379 patients with AS (36.0%) were older and had higher systolic and lower diastolic BP. Multivariate analysis showed that even adjusting for gender (males, OR: 1.6, p=0.0001), age tertiles (second and third tertiles, OR: 2.0 and 4.7, p=0.0001), Charlson-Index (second and third tertiles, OR: 4.8 and 8.6, p=0.0001), heart failure, previous and in-hospital antihypertensive treatment, AS and BP < 120 mmHg significantly and independently predicted all-cause mortality (OR: 1.27, p=0.0001 and OR: 1.48, p=0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: Our data show that arterial stiffness, defined as pulse pressure above 60 mmHg at hospital admission, and BP at admission < 120 mmHg were important determinants with independent prognostic value for all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization.

Burnout syndrome in the Covid-19 pandemic and the virtualization of education

The aim of the research is to determine the relationship between Burnout Syndrome in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic and the virtualization of education in Colombian official school teachers during the year 2020. The study responds to the mixed approach and sequential design. In its quantitative phase it was deductive-hypothetical, applied, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design, and in its qualitative phase it was inductive, applied with a phenomenological-hermeneutic design. The data collection techniques used were the survey and the interview. The study population consisted of 1093 teachers from official schools in Floridablanca. For the quantitative approach, a non-probabilistic accidental sample of 110 teachers was used, and for the qualitative approach, a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 10 teachers was used. Among the final considerations it can be said that there is an inverse mean correlation between Burnout syndrome and the virtualization of education in this time of the Covid-19 pandemic;it is therefore considered that the effects of the pandemic have maximized the effects of the aforementioned syndrome on educational actors. © 2021 Karadeniz Technical University. All rights reserved.

Children requiring intensive care with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of pandemic in spain: A multi-centre national registry

AIMS & OBJECTIVES: Describe the characteristics of children admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) with SARS-COV-2 infection during the first wave of pandemic in Spain. METHODS: A Multicentric prospective national registry was carried out. 47 Spanish PICUs participated in the study. Features from children admitted to PICUs with confirmed SARS-COV-2 infection or fulfilling multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C) criteria were collected. RESULTS: 74 patients were included in the registry. 61% of them presented with MIS-C features. Patients not presenting with MIS-C features presented more frequently with respiratory distress (60.7% vs 13.3%, p<0.001) and less frequently with shock (13.8% vs 84.4%, p<0.001) or cardiac dysfunction (10.3% vs 53.3%, p=0.001) and usually had previous health conditions (48.3% vs 11.8%, p=0.005) and were younger ((3.4 years (IQR 0.4-9.4) vs. 9.4 years (IQR 5.5-11.8), p=0.002). Three patients included in the registry died, they all had previous health conditions and none presented with MIS-C features. The group presenting with MIS-C had lower mortality (0% vs 10.3%, p=0.056) and needed less frequently invasive ventilation (13.3% vs 41.4% p=0.005) than patients not presenting with MIS-C. CONCLUSIONS: Although SARS-COV-2 severe infection is much more infrequent in children than in adults, some children present with severe disease requiring PICU admission. In Spain, MIS-C was the most frequent presentation. The course in this group of patients is usually more favorable compared to those patients without MIS-C.